Structures of an animal and a plant cell

Structures of animal cell

重要提示:

1. 以下的內容並不是所有需要學習的內容，祇是重點!

2. 請務必理解好每個構造(structure)，其特徵(characteristic)與功能(function)的關係。那些特徵與功能的關係是非常密切的，你祇要背誦任何一項，另一項應該可推論出來的。

3. 紅色標示的是相對更重要的字眼，不要遺漏! 但作答時也不要祇作答紅色標示的字，那不一定可以得到任何分數。

Relationships among the structures, characteristics and functions

Structures	Characteristics	Functions
Cell membrane	Flexible Differentially permeable	Controls the movement of substances in and out of the cell
Cytoplasm	Jelly-like fluid Contain many enzymes	Holds many organelles Site for many chemical reactions
Nucleus	Contain DNA which carries genetic information	Controls activities of the cell
Mitochondrion	Contains many enzymes for respiration	Site for energy-releasing
Rough endoplasmic reticulum	Network of interconnected membrane-bounded sacs With ribosomes attached on the surfaces	Transportation of materials in the cell Involved in the synthesis of protein
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum	Network of interconnected membrane-bounded sacs ---	Transportation of materials in the cell Involved in the synthesis of lipid
Vacuole	Contains water and dissolved substances	Storage of some dissolved substances
Ribosome	----	Responsible for synthesis of protein

Structures of Plant cells

重要提示:

1. 以下列出的祇是植物細胞較動物細胞多了的構造。所有動物細胞具有的構造，植物細胞有擁有。

Relationships among the structures, characteristics and functions of a plant cell.

Structures	Characteristics	Functions
Cell wall	Rigid, thick, mainly made up of cellulose Fully permeable	Protect, supports and give shape to the plant cells. Allow water and all dissolved substances to pass through
Large vacuole	Contains water and dissolved substances such as glucose, pigment and waste	Storage of dissolved substance
Chloroplast	Contains a green pigment chlorophyll	Absorb light energy for photosynthesis

The living characteristics of organism

The living characteristics of organism

Characteristics	Definition
Reproduction	The process of producing new individuals (offsprings).
Nutrition	The process of obtaining food.
Respiration	The process of breaking down food to release energy.
Growth	The process by which organisms increase in size and in complexity.
Excretion	The process of removing metabolic wastes.
Irritability	The ability of detecting the changes in the environment and make responses.
Movement	The ability of moving.

Key Learning Objectives for S3

Key Learning Objectives for S3

重要提示: 以下列出的是中三級的學習重點，不是全部要考核的範圍!

1. What is the living characteristics?

2. How to use a light microscope?

        - How to calculate the total magnification?

        - What are the factors affecting focusing?

        - What are the factors affecting the clearness of the image?

3. The structures of a typical animal and plant cell.

4. The relationship between cell structures, characteristics and their functions.

5. The different food substances that human need.

6. About carbohydrates, types, characteristics, functions and sources.

7. About protein, types, characteristics, functions and sources.

8. About lipid, types, characteristics, functions and sources.

9. About vitamins, types, characteristics, functions, sources and deficiency diseases.

10. About minerals, types, characteristics, functions, sources and deficiency diseases.

11. About dietary fibres, sources, functions to our body and deficiency diseases.

12. About water, functions to our body,

13. Factors affecting the dietary requirement of

        - age

        - sex

        - body status: pregnancy

14. Processes of nutrition

15. Types of physical digestion.

16. Structure of a tooth and the characteristics and functions of different parts.

17. The characteristics and functions of different types of tooth.

18. Structures of human digestion system.

19. Chemical digestion of human.

20. Components of faeces.

Chemical Digestion

Chemical Digestion

Site	Digestive glands involved	Digestive juices involved	Digestive enzymes involved	Action sites of the enzymes	Action of the enzymes
Mouth cavity	Salivary gland	Saliva	Salivary amylase	Mouth cavity	Starch --> maltose
Stomach	Gastric gland	Gastric juice	Pepsin	Stomach	Protein -> peptides
Duodenum	Pancreas	Pancreatic juice	Pancreatic amylase	Duodenum	Starch --> maltose
			Proteases	Duodenum	Protein --> peptides àamino acids
			Lipase	Duodenum	Lipid --> glycerol + fatty acids
Ileum	Intestinal glands	Intestinal juice	Carbohydrases	ileum	Disaccharides --> monosaccharides
			Proteases	ileum	Protein --> peptides --> amino acids